CBSE Class 10 Science Notes of Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World, Video Explanation, and Question Answers
Human Eye and the Colourful World Class 10 – Given here is the Complete explanation of Human Eye Class 10 Science and Notes of the chapter along with all the important questions and NCERT solutions are provided for the ease of students of chapter 11 ‘ Human Eye and the Colourful World ’.
Topics covered in the lesson are Human Eye, Eye defects, Refraction through prism, Atmospheric refraction, Tyndall effect, Scattering and NCERT Solutions.
Class 10 Science Chapter 11
Human Eye and the Colourful World
The Chapter Includes the following topics
- See Video Explanation of Human Eye and the Colourful World
- Human Eye
- Eye defects
- Refraction through prism
- Dispersion
- Atmospheric refraction
- Tyndall effect
- Scattering
- NCERT Book solutions
As you all know, light is important for us as it enables us to see. Likewise, eye is very important as it produces a sensation of vision in us.
The Human Eye and the Colourful World Class 10 Video Explanation
Human eye
It is a naturally occurring optical instrument. As you all know that we have a pair of eyes and its function is to enable us to see. Without it the whole world would have been a dark place for us.
Structure of eye
- It is a spherical ball with a small bulge in the front part.
- It is located in the eye socket.
- It has two layers that cover it: scleroid and choroid.
The function of scleroid: It is the outermost covering that consists of white fibres and its function is to protect all parts of the eye.
The function of choroid: It is a grey membrane attached to choroid from inner side. Its function is to darken the eye from inside so that no internal reflection takes place.
Apart from these layers, it consists of :
- Cornea
- Iris
- Pupil
- Ciliary muscle
- Lens
- Retina
- Blind spot
- Optic nerve
- Cornea:
It is the white part of the eye that allows light to enter.
It acts as a window to the world.
Iris
It is colored part of the eye.
It holds the pupil and also adjust the size of pupil according to the intensity of light.
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Pupil:
It is black in color and absorbs all the light rays falling on it.
It gets constricted when the intensity of light is high.
It gets expanded when the intensity of light is low.
Ciliary muscles
They hold the lens.
They adjust the focal length of the lens.
Convex lens
A cellular structure resembling convex lens (diverging lens).
Retina :
It is the screen of an eye where image is formed.
It consists of two types of cells:
- Cone cells: those cells which respond to colours.
- Rod cells: those cells which respond to the intensity of light.
Yellow spot:
A point on the retina where the most clear image is formed.
- Blind spot: It is that point on the retina where no image is formed.
- Optic nerve: A nerve that connects the eye to the brain.
The fluid which is present between cornea and lens is called aqueous humour.
Function : It is a watery fluid present in the interior part of the eye and its function is to protect the exterior part of the eye from collapsing when there is a sudden change in the atmospheric pressure. Also, it is the fluid that flows out from the eye when we wink our eyes. So, it washes the eye and also keeps it moist.
The fluid is present between lens and retina and is called vitreous humor.
Function: It is a dense jelly – like fluid present in the posterior part of the eye and its function is to protect the posterior part of the eye from collapsing when there is a sudden change in the atmospheric pressure. It also helps in focusing the image clearly on the retina.
Adjustment of the size of the pupil according to the intensity of light: When we are exposed to bright light the iris constricts the pupil partially or we can say that the pupil shortens so that the right amount of light enters and a clear image is formed. Whereas in a dark room, Pupil expands itself to gather more light in order to obtain a clear image.
Accommodation of eye: It is the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length so that a clear image is formed on the retina that can be easily recognized by our brain.
In case of far off objects.
In order to see a far off object, our ciliary muscles, lens and focal length undergo a change i.e. the ciliary muscles relax, lens become thin and elongated and focal length increases.
In case of nearby objects.
In order to see nearby objects, focal length of the lens and ciliary muscles undergo a change.
ciliary muscles contract, lens become thick and short and the focal length decreases.
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Eye defects
Myopia (Short sightedness): It is a defect in which a person is unable to see far objects clearly but can see nearby objects. The cause for this is that the ciliary muscles do not relax properly, the lens does not elongate properly due to which the focal length does not increase properly. As a result no clear image is formed.
Eye Defect: Eyeball being too elongated, the converging power of lens being too high. Due to this, the image is formed in front of the retina and can’t be identified by the brain. Correction can be done by using spectacles containing concave lens that diverge the rays first so that our eye lens can converge them properly on the retina.
Hypermetropia (Long sightedness): It is a defect in which a person is unable to see nearby objects but can see far off objects clearly. The cause is that the ciliary muscles do not contract properly, the lens does not become thick and short due to which the focal length doesn’t decrease. As a result, the image formed is not clear and can’t be identified by the brain.
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Eye Defect: Eyeballs being too short and converging power of the lens being too low. Due to this, the image is formed behind the retina. Correction can be done by using spectacles containing convex lens that increase the ciliary power of the eye lens so that it can converge rays properly on the retina.
Presbyopia: It happens with gradual increase in age. Our ciliary muscles like other muscles weaken, i.e. they can’t contract or relax properly. As a result, a person can’t see near or far off objects clearly. Correction can be done by the use of spectacles contianging bifocal lens.
We all have two eyes as there are few advantages of having them – to increase the horizontal view and also, two eyes are separated by few cms to increase our ability to judge the depth (sinopsis). Please note, our far point and near point of the human eye are as given below-
Far Point – Infinity.
Near Point- 25 cm.
Refraction through prism
Prism: It is a piece of glass or any transparent material bounded by triangular and three rectangular surfaces. The rectangular surfaces are called refracting surfaces. The angle between two refracting surfaces is called refracting angle or angle of prism.
The line along which the two refracting surfaces meet is called refracting the edge. Any section of prism which is perpendicular to refracting edge is called principal section of edge.
Difference between refraction through glass prism and glass slab is as follows-
In slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but in case of prism, emergent ray is not parallel to the incident ray because opposite faces of prism eye are not parallel to each other.
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Dispersion
It is defined as the phenomenon of splitting of light into seven colors. When light (Sun light or bulb light) is allowed to pass through a glass prism it splits into seven colors. It splits because we know white light is a combination of seven colours and each colour, on entering the prism, gets refracted by different angle due to which different colour (spectrum) is obtained on the screen.
The different colours obtained are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
- Wavelength decreases, frequency increases – red colour
- Red color – Least Deviated
- Violet color- Maximum Deviated
- The seven colours can recombine to give white light.
One of the applications of dispersion is the formation of a Rainbow.
Rainbow: It is an example of dispersion (Spectrum formed by dispersion of sunlight). “It is formed due to dispersion of white sunlight by raindrops in the atmosphere. Each raindrop acts as a tiny glass prism. Rainbow is always formed opposite to the sun. White light enters these raindrops, different colour rays are refracted through different angles due to which the rainbow is formed.
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Atmospheric Refraction
It is due to different layers of atmosphere having varying densities. Upper ones are rarer and layers close to Earth’s surface are denser.
Twinkling of stars and apparent position.
When light from a star passes through the atmosphere, they mix continuously. So when the star is in line of sight, it is visible and when out of sight, it is not visible, so they appear to twinkle. But planets do not twinkle.
Planets are very close to us due to which the size of apparent image is so large which falls outside the line of sight due to which they do not twinkle. The sun appears bigger during sunset and sunrise.
During sunset or sunrise, the rays of light travel through maximum length of the atmosphere. Reflection is maximum. Hence, apparent image is closer to eyes and appears bigger.
Q. Why the sun is visible to us about 2 minutes earlier than the actual sunrise or sunset?
A. The sun is visible to us about 2 minutes earlier than the actual sunrise or sunset due to atmospheric refraction, the sun is seen 2 min earlier than its sunrise, when it comes close to the horizon.
Tyndall effect
The scattering of light by colloidal solution particles is called Tyndall effect.
Scattering
The process in which light is transmitted in all directions when it is incident on a particle which has greater diameter is called scattering. SApplications of Scattering:
-
- The sky appears blue: When white light passes through the atmosphere, violet, indigo and blue colours encounter suspended particles. These waves are absorbed and then scattered and are received by our eyes.
- The sun appears yellow: Violet, indigo and blue colours are scattered in the upper atmosphere, so the resultant light is yellow. When this light enters our eyes, it appears yellow.
- The sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut: In space, no particles are present thus, no scattering occurs. Hence, the sky appears dark.
- The smoke coming out of coal fired chimney appears blue on a misty day: The tiny particles of smoke and moisture scatter blue colour of white light passing through it. When this blue light reaches our eyes, the smoke appears blue, the sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut. In space, no particles are present, thus, no scattering occurs. Hence, the sky appears dark.
- The motorists use orange lights rather than normal white light on a foggy day: If the motorist uses white light while driving in fog, then the tiny droplets of water will scatter a large amount of blue light. This scattered blue light, on reaching the eyes, will decrease visibility and hence, driving will become extremely difficult. However, when orange light is used, it doesn’t get scattered on account of longer wavelength and hence, the driver can see clearly.
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NCERT Solutions Class 10 The Human Eye and the Colourful World
1. The human eye can focus on objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This is due to
(a) presbyopia.
(b) accommodation.
(c) near-sightedness.
(d) far-sightedness.
Ans. (b) accomodation
2. The human eye forms the image of an object at its
(a) cornea.
(b) iris.
(c) pupil.
(d) retina.
Ans. (d) retina
3. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about
(a) 25 m.
(b) 2.5 cm.
(c) 25 cm.
(d) 2.5 m.
Ans. (c) 25 cm
4. The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the
(a) pupil.
(b) retina.
(c) ciliary muscles.
(d) iris.
Ans. (c) ciliary muscles
5. A person needs a lens of power –5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?
Ans. The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by the relation
(i) Power of the lens used for correcting distant vision = -5.5 D
Focal length of the required lens,
The focal length of the lens for correcting distant vision is -0.181 m.
(ii) Power of the lens used for correcting near vision = +1.5 D
Focal length of the required lens,
The focal length of the lens for correcting near vision is 0.667 m.
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6. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Ans. Object distance, u = ∞
Image distance, v = -80 cm (at far point)
Focal length = f
According to the lens formula,
We know,
Power,
A concave lens of power -1.25 D is required by the person to correct his defect.
7. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.
Ans. A person suffering from hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but faces difficulty in seeing nearby objects. It happens because the eye lens focuses the incoming rays from the object lying at normal near point beyond the retina. This defect of vision can be corrected by using a convex lens. A convex lens of suitable power converges the incoming light in such a way that the image is formed on the retina, as shown in the following figure.
The rays starting from the normal ear point N’ converge on passing through the convex lens, and appear to come from N, the near point of the hypermetropic eye.
Given:
Object distance, u = -d = -25 cm
Image distance, v = -1 m = -100 cm
Focal length, f = ?
Using the lens formula,
A convex lens of power +3.0 D is required to correct the defect.
8. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm?
Ans. A normal eye is unable to clearly see the objects placed closer than 25 cm because the ciliary muscles of the eyes are unable to contract beyond a certain limit. If the object is placed at a distance less than 25 cm from the eye, then the object appears blurred and produces strain in the eyes.
9. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye?
Ans. When we increase or decrease the distance of an object from the eye, the image distance in the eye (distance of retina from the eye lens) does not change. The increase in the object distance is compensated by the change in the focal length of the eye lens. The focal length of the eyes changes in such a way that the image is always formed at the retina of the eye.
10. Why do stars twinkle?
Ans. Stars emit their own light and they twinkle due to the atmospheric refraction of light. Stars are very far away from the earth. Hence, they are considered as point sources of light. When the light coming from stars enters the earth’s atmosphere, it gets refracted at different levels because of the variation in the air density at different levels of the atmosphere. When the atmosphere refracts more star-light towards us, the star appears to be bright and when the atmosphere refracts less star-light, then the star appears to be dim. Therefore, it appears as if the stars are twinkling at night.
11. Explain why the planets do not twinkle.
Ans. Planets do not twinkle because they appear larger in size than the stars as they are relatively closer to Earth. Planets can be considered as a collection of a large number of point-size sources of light.
The different parts of these planets produce either brighter or dimmer effect in such a way that the average of brighter and dimmer effects is zero. Hence, planets not twinkle.
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12. Why does the Sun appear reddish early in the morning?
Ans. During sunrise, the light rays coming from the Sun have to travel a greater distance in the earth’s atmosphere before reaching our eyes. In this journey, the shorter wavelengths of light are scattered out and only longer wavelengths are able to reach our eyes. Since blue colour has a shorter wavelength and red colour has a longer wavelength, the red colour is scattered the least and is able to reach our eyes after the atmospheric scattering of light. Therefore, the Sun appears reddish early in the morning.
13. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
Ans. During sunrise, the light rays coming from the Sun have to travel a greater distance in the earth’s atmosphere before reaching our eyes. In this journey, the shorter wavelengths of light are scattered out and only longer wavelengths are able to reach our eyes. Since blue colour has a shorter wavelength and red colour has a longer wavelength, the red colour is scattered the least and is able to reach our eyes after the atmospheric scattering of light. Therefore, the Sun appears reddish early in the morning.
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