NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
Ruling the Countryside – Given in this post is NCERT Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Important Question Answers. The important questions we have compiled will help the students to brush up on their knowledge about the subject. Students can practice Class 8 History Chapter 3 important questions to understand the subject better and improve their performance in the exam. The NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science (History) provided here will also give students an idea about how to write the answers.
Source Based Questions
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow-
A. On 12 August 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal. The actual event most probably took place in Robert Clive’s tent, with a few Englishmen and Indians as witnesses. But in the painting above, the event is shown as a majestic occasion, taking place in a grand setting. The painter was commissioned by Clive to record the memorable events in Clive’s life. The grant of Diwani clearly was one such event in British imagination. As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. Now it had to think of administering the land and organizing its revenue resources. This had to be done in a way that could yield enough revenue to meet the growing expenses of the company. A trading company had also to ensure that it could buy the products it needed and sell what it wanted.
1 Which historic event according to the paragraph occurred on 12 August 1765?
Ans. On 12 August 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal.
2 Where did the actual event take place?
Ans. The actual event most probably took place in Robert Clive’s tent.
3 Who were the witnesses to the event mentioned in the above paragraph?
Ans. The actual event most probably took place in Robert Clive’s tent, with a few Englishmen and Indians as witnesses.
4 Who commissioned the painter for the painting mentioned in the above paragraph?
Ans. The painter was commissioned by Robert Clive to record the memorable events in Clive’s life.
5 As the Diwan, what powers did the company now have?
Ans. As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. Now it had to think of administering the land and organizing its revenue resources. This had to be done in a way that could yield enough revenue to meet the growing expenses of the company. A trading company had also to ensure that it could buy the products it needed and sell what it wanted.
B. The Company had become the Diwan, but it still saw itself primarily as a trader. It wanted a large revenue income but was unwilling to set up any regular system of assessment and collection. The effort was to increase the revenue as much as it could and buy fine cotton and silk cloth as cheaply as possible. Within five years, the value of goods bought by the Company in Bengal doubled. Before 1765, the Company had purchased goods in India by importing gold and silver from Britain. Now the revenue collected in Bengal could finance the purchase of goods for export. Soon it was clear that the Bengal economy was facing a deep crisis. Artisans were deserting villages since they were being forced to sell their goods to the Company at low prices. Peasants were unable to pay the dues that were being demanded from them. Artisanal production was in decline, and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse. Then in 1770, a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal. About one-third of the population was wiped out.
1 The Company had become the Diwan, but it still saw itself primarily as a seller. True/False?
Ans. False, The Company had become the Diwan, but it still saw itself primarily as a trader.
2 Why did the company still see itself as a trader?
Ans. The Company had become the Diwan, but it still saw itself primarily as a trader. It wanted a large revenue income but was unwilling to set up any regular system of assessment and collection.
3 How did the company want to increase its revenue?
Ans. The effort was to increase the revenue as much as it could and buy fine cotton and silk cloth as cheaply as possible.
4 Before 1765, the Company had purchased goods in India by importing gold and silver from _______.
Ans. Before 1765, the Company had purchased goods in India by importing gold and silver from Britain.
5 Explain the crisis that Bengal faced?
Ans. The Bengal economy was facing a deep crisis. Artisans were deserting villages since they were being forced to sell their goods to the Company at low prices. Peasants were unable to pay the dues that were being demanded from them. Artisanal production was in decline, and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse. Then in 1770, a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal. About one-third of the population was wiped out.
C. The Permanent Settlement, however, created problems. Company officials soon discovered that the zamindars were in fact not investing in the improvement of land. The revenue that had been fixed was so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organized by the Company. By the first decade of the nineteenth century, the situation changed. The prices in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. This meant an increase in the income of the zamindars but no gain for the Company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been fixed permanently.
1 What did the zamindars discover?
Ans. Company officials discovered that the zamindars were in fact not investing in the improvement of land.
2 Which type of settlement started creating problems for the British?
Ans. The Permanent Settlement started creating problems for the British.
3 What were some issues that the zamindars faced at the hands of the British?
Ans. The revenue that had been fixed was so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organized by the Company.
4 When did the situation finally change for the zamindars?
Ans. By the first decade of the nineteenth century, the situation changed for the zamindars.
5 Explain how the situation changed?
Ans. By the first decade of the nineteenth century, the situation changed. The prices in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. This meant an increase in the income of the zamindars but no gain for the Company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been fixed permanently.
D. In the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency (most of this area is now in Uttar Pradesh), an Englishman called Holt Mackenzie devised the new system which came into effect in 1822. He felt that the village was an important social institution in north Indian society and needed to be preserved. Under his directions, collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land, measuring the fields, and recording the customs and rights of different groups. The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed. The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman, rather than the zamindar. This system came to be known as the mahalwari settlement.
1 Who discovered the mahalwari system?
Ans. The mahalwari system was created by an Englishman called Holt Mackenzie.
2 When did the mahalwari system come into effect?
Ans. The mahalwari system came into effect in 1822.
3 What were Mackenzie’s views about villages?
Ans. Holt Mackenzie felt that the village was an important social institution in north Indian society and needed to be preserved.
4 What is another term for village as used in the above paragraph?
Ans. Another term for village as used in the above paragraph is mahal.
5 Explain in brief the mahalwari system.
Ans. Collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land, measuring the fields, and recording the customs and rights of different groups. The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed. The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman, rather than the zamindar. This system came to be known as the mahalwari settlement.
E. Cloth dyers, however, preferred indigo as a dye. Indigo produced a rich blue color, whereas the dye from wood was pale and dull. By the seventeenth century, European cloth producers persuaded their governments to relax the ban on indigo import. The French began cultivating indigo in St Domingue in the Caribbean islands, the Portuguese in Brazil, the English in Jamaica, and the Spanish in Venezuela. Indigo plantations also came up in many parts of North America. By the end of the eighteenth century, the demand for Indian indigo grew further. Britain began to industrialize, and its cotton production expanded dramatically, creating an enormous new demand for cloth dyes. While the demand for indigo increased, its existing supplies from the West Indies and America collapsed for a variety of reasons. Between 1783 and 1789, the production of indigo in the world fell by half. Cloth dyers in Britain now desperately looked for new sources of indigo supply.
1 Cloth dyers, however, preferred ________ as a dye.
Ans. Cloth dyers, however, preferred indigo as a dye.
2 Why was indigo as a dye preferred over wood?
Ans. Indigo produced a rich blue color, whereas the dye from wood was pale and dull.
3 Who all started cultivating indigo and where?
Ans. The French began cultivating indigo in St Domingue in the Caribbean islands, the Portuguese in Brazil, the English in Jamaica, and the Spanish in Venezuela. Indigo plantations also came up in many parts of North America.
4 By the nineteenth century, European cloth producers persuaded their governments to relax the ban on indigo import. True/False?
Ans. False, By the seventeenth century, European cloth producers persuaded their governments to relax the ban on indigo import.
5 What was the status of Indigo plantations by the end of the eighteenth century?
Ans. By the end of the eighteenth century, the demand for Indian indigo grew further. Britain began to industrialize, and its cotton production expanded dramatically, creating an enormous new demand for cloth dyes. While the demand for indigo increased, its existing supplies from the West Indies and America collapsed for a variety of reasons. Between 1783 and 1789, the production of indigo in the world fell by half. Cloth dyers in Britain now desperately looked for new sources of indigo supply.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (1 Mark)
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are a type of objective assessment in which a person is asked to choose one or more correct answers from a list of available options. An MCQ presents a question along with several possible answers.
Q1 The Company tried many experiments to increase the land revenue. Name the Settlement system introduced in the Madras and Bombay presidencies?
A) Permanent Settlement System
B) British Settlement System
C) Ryotwari Settlement System
D) Mahalwari Settlement System
Ans. C) Ryotwari Settlement System
Q2. What is the literal meaning of the Greek word “indikon”?
A) Blue
B) Dye
C) From India
D) From England
Ans. C) From India
Q3 A few statements with respect to the Bengal economy after the Company had become the Diwan are given. Pick out the one that is not applicable to the Bengal economy.
A) The Bengal economy thrived and progressed.
B) Artisanal production and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse
C) The artisans started deserting villages as they were forced to sell their goods to the Company at low prices
D) Peasants were unable to pay the dues that were being demanded from them
Ans. A) The Bengal economy thrived and progressed.
Q4 Why was there a popular demand for Indian indigo in Italy, France and Britain?
A) India was the biggest producer of indigo and no other country produced indigo
B) There was a ban on indigo import in other countries
C) Indigo imports were tax free
D) Indigo was used to dye cloth and there was a huge demand
Ans. D) Indigo was used to dye cloth and there was a huge demand
Q5 A set of statements on how the Permanent Settlement system was advantageous to the British are given below. Pick out the one that is not applicable
A) The revenue amount was not a fixed one and the zamindars did not benefit from increased production from the land.
B) The rajas and taluqdars were recognized as zamindars.
C) The British could get a continuous flow of revenue .
D) This system created a new class of landlords who were loyal to the British.
Ans. A) The revenue amount was not a fixed one and the zamindars did not benefit from increased production from the land.
Q6 East India Company got Diwani of Bengal in
A) 1762
B) 1765
C) 1770
D) 1764
Ans. B) 1765
Q7 A terrible famine had struck Bengal in
A) 1770
B) 1775
C) 1779
D) 1764
Ans. A) 1770
Q8 As Diwan, the company had to look after _______ of Bengal
A) financial administration
B) defense
C) religious issues
D) judiciary
Ans. A) financial administration
Q9 Artisans started deserting Bengal villages because
A) of famine
B) unavailability of raw material.
C) they were forced to sell goods at low prices.
D) Floods
Ans. C) they were forced to sell goods at low prices.
Q10 ______ was Governor General of India in 1793
A) Warren Hastings
B) Charles Cornwallis
C) Louis Chole
D) George Martin
Ans. B) Charles Cornwallis
Q11 Under permanent settlements, Rajas and Talukdars were recognised as
A) Zamindars
B) Kings
C) Diwans
D) Peasants
Ans. A) Zamindars
Q12 Nearly _____ people died in Bengal famine that occurred in 1770
A) 20 million
B) 1 million
C) 10 million
D) 25 million
Ans. C) 10 million
Q13 Many cultivators lost their land because
A) rent was high.
B) of famine.
C) of no rainfall.
D) they were jailed.
Ans. A) rent was high.
Q14 Zamindars were responsible for collecting ____ from peasants.
A) rent
B) goods
C) food
D) money
Ans. A) rent
Q15 Mahalwari system was introduced in
A) 1822
B) 1854
C) 1830
D) 1825
Ans. A) 1822
Q16 Who was the Governor General when the Company got the Diwan of Bengal
A) Warren Hastings
B) Lord Dalhousie
C) Lord Mountbatten
D) Robert Clive
Ans. C) Lord Mountbatten
Q17 Under the Mahalwari system, each ____ were called Mahal.
A) village
B) peasants
C) houses
D) towns
Ans. A) village
Q18 _____ was Madras governor in 1819.
A) Thomas Munro
B) Franklin
C) Jacob Smith
D) Holt Mackenzie
Ans. A) Thomas Munro
Q19 The company introduced _____ in 1793
A) Judiciary changes
B) Permanent Settlement
C) administrative reforms
D) agriculture reforms
Ans. B) Permanent Settlement
Q20 Over _______ of Bengal population was wiped out due to the famine of 1770.
A) One third
B) one fifth
C) one half
D) two third
Ans. A) One third
Q21_______ was introduced in 1819.
A) Ryotwari system
B) Mahalwari system
C) agriculture reforms
D) Judiciary reforms
Ans. A) Ryotwari system
Q22 Morris cotton print was invented by
A) William Morris
B) Robert Morris
C) John Morris
D) Morris Will
Ans. A) William Morris
Q23_______ collected revenues under Mahalwari system.
A) Zamindars
B) English officials
C) village headmen
D) soldiers
Ans. C) village headmen
Q24______ devised the Mahalwari system in 1922.
A) Robert Mills
B) Corneille
C) Holt Mackenzie
D) Warren Hastings
Ans. C) Holt Mackenzie
Q25 If zamindars didn’t paid revenue, then British
A) used to jail them.
B) seized their goods
C) auctioned their land.
D) punished them.
Ans. C) auctioned their land.
Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)
Q1. When was the East India Company appointed as the Diwan of Bengal?
Ans. On 12th August 1765, the East India Company was appointed as the Diwan of Bengal.
Q2. By whom and when was the Permanent Settlement introduced in Bengal?
Ans. The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
Q3. Where did the French begin cultivating indigo?
Ans. The French began cultivating indigo in St Domingue in the Caribbean islands.
Q4. What did the Permanent Settlement actually mean?
Ans. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently, that is, it was not to be increased ever in future.
Q5.Which tragedy occurred during 1770 in Bengal?
Ans. In 1770 a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal. About one-third of the population was wiped out.
Q6. What is indigo?
Ans. Indigo is a tropical plant which was formerly widely cultivated as a source of dark blue dye.
Q7. Who held the responsibility of paying the revenue in the Mahalwari Settlement?
Ans. Village headman held the responsibility of paying the revenue in the Mahalwari Settlement.
Q8. What is common in the two prints—-a Kalamkari print and a Morris cotton print?
Ans. There is one thing common in the two prints: both use a rich blue color – commonly called indigo.
Q9. During Mughal rule, what was the status of the ‘Diwan’?
Ans. During the rule of the Mughal Empire, the Diwan served as the chief revenue officer of a province.
Q10. Who was the President of the Indigo Commission?
Ans. W. S. Seton Karr was the President of the Indigo Commission.
Short Answer Questions (3 Marks)
Q1. How did the responsibility of the Company change as the Diwan of Bengal?
Ans. When the Company obtained Diwani powers in Bengal, it became the principal financial administrator of the districts under its control, and it was now responsible for managing and organizing revenue resources. The Company was also in charge of administering its region. It had to generate enough revenue to cover the rising costs.
Q2. What problems did zamindars face under the Permanent Settlement?
Ans. The fixed revenue was so high that the zamindars found it impossible to pay. Anyone who did not pay the revenue forfeited his zamindari. The Company held auctions to sell off a large number of zamindaris.
Q3. How did the Bengal economy fall into a deep crisis?
Ans. After the Company was appointed as Diwan of Bengal, it began to make every effort to raise revenue and purchase good cotton and silk textiles as cheaply as possible. Within five years, the Company’s purchases in Bengal increased in value. Prior to 1765, the Company acquired goods in India by importing gold and silver from the United Kingdom. The revenue generated in Bengal could now be used to purchase commodities for export. Bengal’s economy was immobilized as a result of the massive loss of revenue.
Q4. What did the Company officials learn from their past experiences as administrators?
Ans. The Company leaders learned a lot from their previous experiences as administrators. Because they represented an alien or foreign authority, the authorities had to move with extreme caution. They had to appease the locals who had ruled the countryside and exercised considerable authority in society; the Company officials were well aware that these local rulers could only be regulated, not completely removed.
Q5.What were the causes of the Champaran Movement?
Ans. When Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa, a Bihar farmer convinced him to visit Champaran and see the hardships of the indigo cultivators. The presence of Mahatma Gandhi in 1917 signaled the commencement of the Champaran struggle against indigo planters.
Q6. By the late nineteenth century, the Company forced cultivators in various parts of India to produce which crops?
Ans. The British encouraged or compelled farmers in many parts of India to grow other crops, including jute in Bengal, tea in Assam, sugarcane in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), wheat in Punjab, cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab, and rice in Madras.
Q7. How did indigo trade attract foreign traders?
Ans. As the indigo trade expanded, commercial agents and Company officials began investing in indigo manufacturing. Many Company leaders have quit their employment over the years to focus on their personal business. Many Scots and Englishmen migrated to India to become planters, drawn by the potential of large profits.
Q8. Explain nij cultivation.
Ans. The planter cultivated indigo on areas that he directly controlled under the nij farming method. He either purchased or rented the property from other zamindars, and he produced indigo by directly employing hired laborers.
Q9. Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.
Ans. Two issues developed as a result of the new Munro revenue-fixing system:
- Revenue officials set an unrealistically high revenue requirement in order to enhance land profits.
- Peasants were unable to pay, ryots abandoned the countryside, and settlements in many areas became empty.
Q10. Why did the demand for Indian indigo increase in the late-eighteenth century Britain?
Ans. By the end of the eighteenth century, Britain had begun to industrialize. As a result, its cotton production skyrocketed. This resulted in a massive increase in the demand for fabric dyes. While demand for indigo surged, existing supplies from the West Indies and America dried up for a variety of reasons. Between 1783 and 1789, the world’s indigo production plummeted by half. Cloth dyers in the United Kingdom were desperate for fresh sources of indigo.
Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)
Q1. How was indigo cultivated under the ryoti system?
Ans. The planters forced the ryots to sign a contract, known as satta, under the ryoti system. They pressed the village headmen to sign the contract and obtained cash advances from the planters at low interest rates to produce indigo. However, the loan required the ryot to cultivate indigo on at least 25% of his land. The planters supplied the seed and the drill, while the cultivators prepared the soil, sowed the seed, and cared for the crop. Following harvest, the crop was delivered to the planters.
Q2. Explain in brief about the Permanent Settlement, the ryotwari system and the mahalwari system.
Ans. (i) Permanent Settlement
- Lord Cornwallis implemented the Permanent Settlement system of tax collection in the provinces of Bengal and Bihar in 1793.
- The entire task of tax collection was delegated to zamindars, who were given hereditary rights to the land in exchange for paying a specified sum of income to the government each year.
(ii) Ryotwari system
- The British implemented this system of land revenue collection in the Madras and Bombay Presidency.
- The government reached agreements with farmers for a period of around 30 years.
- Every year, the farmer was required to pay the government 50% of their harvest. After the specified period, the agreement could be changed.
(iii) Mahalwari system
- Holt Mackenzie, an Englishman, established a new mahalwari system in 1822. The revenue collectors in this system went from village to village inspecting and measuring the land and recording the customs and rights of various groups. Each village’s expected revenue was determined. This demand was not set in stone and might be changed.
- The village headman, and not the zamindar, was given the charge of collecting revenue and depositing it to the Company.
Q3. What was the “Blue Rebellion”?
Ans. Thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to plant indigo in March 1859. The ‘Blue revolt’ was the name given to this. As the insurrection developed, ryots refused to pay planters’ rents and assaulted indigo factories armed with swords, spears, and bows and arrows. Women showed up to fight with pots, pans, and cooking tools. Planters’ employees were socially ostracized, and gomasthas (planters’ representatives) who came to collect rent were beaten up. Ryots said they would no longer accept indigo approaches or be bullied by the planters’ lathiyals.
Q4. Describe the processes involved in indigo production.
Ans. After harvest, the indigo plant was transferred to the vats (a fermenting or storage tank) in the indigo factory. To make the dye, three or four vats were required, each with its own function. The indigo plant’s leaves were first immersed in warm water for many hours in a vat known as the fermenting vat. The liquid began to boil and bubble as the plant fermented. The decaying leaves were removed, and the liquid was poured into a second vat placed just below the first. The solution was continuously agitated and battered with paddles in the second vat, known as the beater vat. Lime water was added to the vat when the liquid began to turn green and then blue. The indigo gradually broke into flakes, a muddy sludge accumulated at the bottom of the vat, and a clear liquid came to the surface. The liquid was drained, and the sediment, or indigo pulp, was moved to a separate vat known as the settling vat, where it was pressed and dried for sale.
Q5. How did the Bengal economy fall into a deep crisis?
Ans. After the Company was appointed Diwan of Bengal, it began to make every effort to raise revenue and purchase good cotton and silk textiles as cheaply as possible. Within five years, the Company’s purchases in Bengal increased in value. Prior to 1865, the Company acquired commodities in India by importing gold and silver from the United Kingdom. The revenue generated in Bengal can now be used to purchase commodities for export. Bengal’s economy was immobilized as a result of the massive loss of revenue.
Q6. State the consequences of the economic crisis that gripped Bengal?
Ans. The ramifications of Bengal’s economic crisis were severe.
- Artisans were fleeing villages because they were being compelled to sell their wares at low prices to the Company.
- Peasants were unable to pay the dues that were levied against them.
- Artisanal production was declining, and agricultural cultivation was on the verge of collapse.
- Then, in 1770, a severe famine in Bengal killed ten million people. One-third of the population was exterminated.
Q7. Describe mahalwari system.
Ans. An Englishman named Holt Mackenzie designed the new system, which went into action in the Bengal Presidency’s North Western Provinces in 1822. He believed that the village was a vital social institution in north Indian society and that it should be conserved. Collectors went from village to village, checking the land, measuring the fields, and documenting the customs and rights of various communities. Each plot’s expected revenue within a village was totaled up to compute the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be amended on a regular basis, rather than being set in stone. The village headman was tasked with collecting revenue and remitting it to the Company. This system is known as the mahalwari settlement.
Q8. What was the Munro system?
Ans. The new system developed became known as the ryotwari (or ryotwari). Captain Alexander Read tried it on a modest scale in some of the territories taken over by the Company after the Tipu Sultan battles. This technique was later refined by Thomas Munro and rapidly spread throughout south India. Read and Munro believed that there were no traditional zamindars in the south. They contended that the settlement should be made directly with the cultivators (ryots) who had tilled the land for centuries. Before the revenue assessment, their fields had to be properly and independently assessed.
Q9. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?
Ans. A variety of circumstances led to the collapse of indigo production in Bengal. In their insurrection against the planters, the indigo ryots believed they had the support of the local zamindars and village headmen.
The indigo peasants also expected the British government to back them up in their fight against the planters. The ryots saw the Lieutenant Governor’s visit as government compassion for their situation. Ashley Eden, the magistrate, issued a notice indicating that ryots would not be forced to accept indigo contracts. As the uprising expanded, Calcutta intellectuals flocked to the indigo areas. They wrote about the ryots’ hardship, the planters’ despotism, and the horrors of the indigo system. Concerned about the revolt, the government established the Indigo Commission to investigate the indigo producing system. The Commission found the planters guilty and chastised them for using forceful methods with indigo producers.
It decreed that ryots could not profit from indigo production. The Commission asked the ryots to honor their existing contracts while also threatening to refuse to supply indigo in the future.
Indigo production in Bengal ceased following the uprising.
Q10. Why were planters reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation till the late 19th century?
Ans. The planters in the nij system encountered the following issues:
- It was difficult for the planters to expand the area under nij cultivation. Indigo could only be grown in fertile places, which were all already highly populated. Only small plots dispersed across the terrain were available for purchase. To develop indigo in plantations, planters required extensive expenses in compact blocks.
- It was also difficult to mobilize labor. A large plantation necessitated a large number of workers. Labour was required at a period when peasants were normally engaged in rice cultivation.
- Nij cultivation on a vast scale also necessitated the use of numerous plows and bullocks. Investing in the acquisition and upkeep of plows was a major issue.
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