Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Questions and Answers

by | Jun 24, 2023 | General | 0 comments

 

Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

 

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

 

Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age – Given in this post is NCERT Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Important Question Answers. The important questions we have compiled will help the students to brush up on their knowledge about the subject. Students can practice Class 8 History Chapter 4 important questions to understand the subject better and improve their performance in the exam. The NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science (History) provided here will also give students an idea about how to write the answers.

 

Source Based Questions 

Read the extract and answer the questions that follow-

A. Some of them practiced jhum cultivation, that is, shifting cultivation. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilize the soil. They used the ax to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of plowing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years.

1 What is an alternative term for shifting cultivation?

Ans. An alternative term for shifting cultivation is Jhum cultivation. 

2 Where was shifting cultivation usually done?

Ans. Shifting cultivation is usually done on small patches of land, mostly in forests.

3 Why did the cultivators cut the treetops?

Ans. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation.

4 A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for two years. True/False?

Ans. False, A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years.

5  Explain shifting cultivation in brief.

Ans. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilize the soil. They used the ax to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of plowing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years.

 

B. In many regions, tribal groups lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. They saw forests as essential for survival. The Khonds were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. They regularly went out on collective hunts and then divided the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots collected from the forest and cooked food with the oil they extracted from the seeds of the sal and mahua. They used many forest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purposes, and sold forest produce in the local markets. The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash flowers to color their clothes and leather.

1 How did the tribal group survive?

Ans. In many regions, tribal groups lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. They saw forests as essential for survival.

2 The ________ were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. 

Ans.The Khonds were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. 

3 Why did the local weaver turn towards the Khonds?

Ans. The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash flowers to color their clothes and leather.

4 The oil used by the Khonds was extracted from seeds of which plant/flower?

Ans.The oil used by the Khonds was extracted from seeds of  sal and mahua

5 How did the Khond community survive?

Ans. The Khonds were a community living in the forests of Orissa. They regularly went out on collective hunts and then divided the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots collected from the forest and cooked food with the oil they extracted from the seeds of the sal and mahua. They used many forest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purposes, and sold forest produce in the local markets.

 

C. Even before the nineteenth century, many from within the tribal groups had begun settling down, and cultivating their fields in one place year after year, instead of moving from place to place. They began to use the plough, and gradually got rights over the land they lived on. In many cases, like the Mundas of Chota Nagpur, the land belonged to the clan as a whole. All members of the clan were regarded as descendants of the original settlers, who had first cleared the land. Therefore, all of them had rights on the land. Very often some people within the clan acquired more power than others, some became chiefs and others followers. Powerful men often rented out their land instead of cultivating it themselves.

1 Did all tribal groups follow shifting cultivation? 

Ans. No, even before the nineteenth century, many from within the tribal groups had begun settling down, and cultivating their fields in one place year after year, instead of moving from place to place.

2 Did they get rights over the land?

Ans. Yes, they began to use the plough, and gradually got rights over the land they lived on.

3 Give an example of a clan whose land belonged to the clan as a whole. 

Ans. For the Mundas of Chota Nagpur, the land belonged to the clan as a whole.

4 Powerful men often sold out their land instead of cultivating it themselves.True/False?

Ans. False, Powerful men often rented out their land instead of cultivating it themselves.

5 How was the land regarded as that of the clan as a whole?

Ans. All members of the clan were regarded as descendants of the original settlers, who had first cleared the land. Therefore, all of them had rights on the land. Very often some people within the clan acquired more power than others, some became chiefs and others followers. 

 

D. Before the arrival of the British, in many areas the tribal chiefs were important people. They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories. In some places they had their own police and decided on the local rules of land and forest management. Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably. They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India. They also had to pay tribute to the British, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people, and were unable to fulfill their traditional functions. 

1  Why were tribal chiefs important?

Ans. Before the arrival of the British, in many areas the tribal chiefs were important people. They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories

2  In some places they had their own police and decided on the local rules of land and forest management. True/False?

Ans. True, In some places they had their own police and decided on the local rules of land and forest management.

3  Name some tribal groups that were more civilized than hunter-gatherers in reference to the above paragraph. 

Ans. The Gonds and Santhals were more civilized than hunter-gatherers or shifting cultivators. 

4 Under __________ rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably.

Ans. Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably.

5 How did the powers of the tribal chiefs change?

Ans. Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably. They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India. They also had to pay tribute to the British, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people, and were unable to fulfill their traditional functions. 

 

E. In the eighteenth century, Indian silk was in demand in European markets. The fine quality of Indian silk was highly valued and exports from India increased rapidly. As the market expanded, East India Company officials tried to encourage silk production to meet the growing demand. Hazaribagh, in present-day Jharkhand, was an area where the Santhals reared cocoons. The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave loans to the tribal people and collected the cocoons. The growers were paid Rs 3 to Rs 4 for a thousand cocoons. These were then exported to Burdwan or Gaya where they were sold at five times the price. The middlemen – so called because they arranged deals between the exporters and silk growers – made huge profits. The silk growers earned very little. Understandably, many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their main enemies. 

1 Why was Indian silk in demand?

Ans. In the eighteenth century, Indian silk was in demand in European markets. The fine quality of Indian silk was highly valued and exports from India increased rapidly.

2 Where were the cocoons reared?

Ans. Hazaribagh, in present-day Jharkhand, was an area where the Santhals reared cocoons.

3 In the eighteenth century, Indian silk was in demand in American markets. True/False.

Ans. False, In the eighteenth century, Indian silk was in demand in European markets. 

4 How much were the growers paid?

Ans. The growers were paid Rs 3 to Rs 4 for a thousand cocoons.

5 Why did many tribal groups see the market and the traders as their main enemies?

Ans. The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave loans to the tribal people and collected the cocoons. The growers were paid Rs 3 to Rs 4 for a thousand cocoons. These were then exported to Burdwan or Gaya where they were sold at five times the price. The middlemen – so called because they arranged deals between the exporters and silk growers – made huge profits. The silk growers earned very little. Understandably, many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their main enemies. 

 

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (1 Mark)

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are a type of objective assessment in which a person is asked to choose one or more correct answers from a list of available options. An MCQ presents a question along with several possible answers.

Q1 Apart from the Forest Regulation Act, which was the other Act passed by the British in 1871 which labeled all the adivasi groups that rebelled against the British as criminals.
A) Illegal Tribes Act
B) Illegal societies Act
C) Criminal Societies Act
D) Criminal Tribes Act
Ans. D) Criminal Tribes Act

Q2. In what way did the movement by Birsa Munda prove to be a significant one?
A) This movement helped the British to impose huge land taxes on the adivasis.
B) He proved that tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice and rebel against colonial rule.
C) This movement proved that the British were much stronger than the tribals.
D) This movement helped the British to easily implement the Permanent settlement
Ans. B) He proved that tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice and rebel against colonial rule.

Q3 Which one from the following options is closest in meaning to Guerilla warfare?
A) The suppression of a rebellion using non-violence
B) An operation by the Government to control a large group of people who rebel.
C) Non- conventional warfare of smaller groups attacking a large army
D) Non- conventional warfare of a large army attacking a small group
Ans. C) Non- conventional warfare of smaller groups attacking a large army

Q4 From the seeds of Sal and Mahua, the tribe extract oil to cook. What exactly is Mahua?
A) Root of a tree
B) A flower that is eaten or used to make alcohol
C) Stem of a tree
D) Leaves of a tree
Ans. B) A flower that is eaten or used to make alcohol

Q5 According to the list given below, who were the Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills?
A) Reared only goats
B) Cattle herders
C) Village heads
D) Money lenders
Ans. B) Cattle herders

Q6_______ were followers of Birsa Munda.
A) Orans
B) Bhils
C) Brahmans
D) Vaishyas
Ans. A) Orans

Q7 _______ tribe is based in Odisha.
A) Bhotia
B) Santhal
C) Dongria Kandha
D) Orans
Ans. C) Dongria Kandha

Q8 Britishers were referred to as _____ by tribals.
A) killers
B) devta
C) Dikus
D) Raja
Ans. C) Dikus

Q9 Tribals cook food with the help of ____ seeds.
A) palash
B) mahua
C) mango
D) avocado
Ans. B) mahua

Q10 To color their clothes, tribals use the flowers of
A) mango
B) kusum
C) lotus
D) rose
Ans. B) kusum

Q11______ was one of the prominent tribal leaders during the freedom struggle.
A) Birsa Munda
B) Bhagoji Naik
C) Arjun Munda
D) Ambroz Naik
Ans. A) Birsa Munda

Q12 ___ are prominent tribes of Maharashtra
A) Banjara
B) Bhils
C) Bhotia
D) Mala Irular
Ans. A) Banjara

Q13 Oran tribe is based in ______
A) Kerala
B) Jharkhand
C) Tamil Nadu
D) Punjab
Ans. A) Kerala

Q14________ are the tribes who never interact with the outside world.
A) Khasi
B) Jarawas
C) Orans
D) Gujjars
Ans. B) Jarawas

Q15 Shifting cultivation is known as _____ in Madhya Pradesh
A) Buwai
B) Bewar
C) Jhuming
D) Ploughing
Ans. B) Bewar

Q16 ____ is one of the animals reared by tribals
A) Yak
B) Dog
C) cat
D) snake
Ans. B) Dog

Q17 _______ is a tribe based in Kashmir
A) Bakarwal
B) Jhum
C) Santhal
D) Jarawas
Ans. A) Bakarwal

Q18 _______ based in Himachal Pradesh are shepherd tribes.
A) Santhal
B) Gaddis
C) Khasi
D) Bhil
Ans. B) Gaddis

Q19 _____ were the main people in the tribal region before the British conquered them.
A) King
B) minister
C) tribal chief
D) advisors
Ans. C) tribal chief

Q20 British failed in their efforts to settle _____ at one place.
A) tribals
B) Jhum cultivators
C) villagers
D) farmers
Ans. B) Jhum cultivators

Q21 The Santhal revolt took place in
A) 1855
B) 1857
C) 1860
D) 1862
Ans. A) 1855

Q22 The Warli revolt took place in _______ in 1940.
A) Gujarat
B) Rajasthan
C) Bihar
D) Tamil Nadu
Ans. B) Rajasthan

Q23__________ occured in Central India in 1910.
A) Bastar rebellion
B) Worli revolt
C) Oran revolt
D) Jarawa revolt
Ans. A) Bastar rebellion

Q24 Birsa Munda died in
A) 1900
B) 1897
C) 1899
D) 1901
Ans. A) 1900

Q25 Tribals were often forced to work in ____ mines of Bihar during British rule.
A) coal
B) gold
C) petroleum
D) iron
Ans. A) coal

 

 

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

Q1. Why did the British introduce land settlements?

Ans. The British introduced land settlements in order to get a regular revenue source for the state.

Q2. What was Indian silk known for? 

Ans. Indian silk was known for its fine quality.

Q3. Why did the British want tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators?

Ans. The British wanted the tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators because settled peasants were easier to control and administer than people who were always on the move.

Q4. What was the political aim of the Birsa movement? 

Ans. The political aim of the Birsa movement was to drive out missionaries, money-lenders, Hindu landlords and the government and set up a Munda Raj Birsa at its head. 

Q5. Why were some forests classified as Reserved Forests? 

Ans. Some forests are classified as Reserved Forests as these forests were one of the few that produced timber which the British wanted. 

Q6. What problem did the British face after they stopped the tribal people from living inside forests?

Ans. The problem that the British faced after they stopped the tribal people from living inside forests was shortage of labor.

Q7. Who was Birsa Munda?

Ans. Birsa Munda belonged to a family of Mundas, a tribal group that lived in Chotanagpur.

Q8. Who were the outsiders being referred to as dikus?

Ans. Traders, moneylenders, missionaries, Hindu landlords and the British were the outsiders being referred to as dikus.

Q9. When and where was the forest satyagraha staged?

Ans. The forest satyagraha occurred in the 1930s in the Central Provinces.

Q10. On what charges was Birsa convicted?

Ans. Birsa was convicted on the charges of rioting. 

Short Answer Questions (3 Marks)

Q1. Why did the British allow Jhum cultivation in the reserved forests?

Ans. The British allowed them to cultivate land on the condition that individuals living in the villages offer labor to the Forest Department and care for the forests.

Q2. Who was Birsa Munda? 

Ans. Birsa was born sometime in the mid-1870s. He grew up in the Bohonda forests, the son of an impoverished father, grazing sheep, playing the flute, and dancing in the village akhara.

Q3. Why did the British want tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators? 

Ans. Because settled peasants were simpler to manage and administrate than people who were always on the move, the British wanted tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators.

Q4. Which tribal group was reluctant to work for others and why? 

Ans. The Baigas of central India were hesitant to work for others. The Baigas considered themselves as forest people who could only exist off the forest’s resources. Being a laborer was beneath a Beggar’s dignity.

Q5. How did British officials see settled tribal groups and those who lived in the forest?  

Ans. British administrators considered stable tribal groups such as the Gonds and Santhals to be more civilized than hunters and gatherers or moving cultivators. People who lived in the woods were seen to be wild and primitive, and they needed to be settled and tamed.

Q6. Mention different types of activities where tribal people were involved?

Ans. Tribal people in many parts of India were active in a wide range of occupations. Some were jhum farmers, Some worked as hunters and gatherers, some herded animals, and some chose settled agriculture.

Q7. State the five tribes found in India. Write the name of the Indian state where maximum tribes are found.

Ans. The Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills, the Labadis of Andhra Pradesh, the Gaddis of Kulu, the Bakarwals of Kashmir and Santhals of Hazaribagh, in present-day Jharkhand. 

Q8. What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?

Ans. The following facts explain their rage towards the dikus.

  • The British land policies were eroding their traditional land structure.
  • Hindu landowners and moneylenders were encroaching on their territory.
  • Missionaries chastised their traditional customs.

Q9. What did the Khond community of Orissa do to earn a living?

Ans. Orissa’s Khond people subsisted by hunting and harvesting forest food. Forests were critical to their survival. They went on communal hunts on a regular basis and shared the meat amongst themselves. They ate forest fruits and roots and cooked with the out they extracted from the seeds of the sal and mahua. They sold forest goods in local marketplaces and used several woodland plants and herbs for medical purposes.

Q10. How did the British officials view settled tribal groups and those who moved about from place to place?

Ans. The British considered settled tribal groups like the Gonds and Santhals to be more civilized than hunter-gatherers or moving cultivators. These tribal groups lived in the woods and were constantly on the move. They didn’t have a set address. Because the British saw them as wild and barbaric, they needed to be colonized and civilized.

 

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

Q1. What problem did the British face after they brought changes in forest laws? How did they solve the problem?

Ans. When the British forbade indigenous people from living inside forests, they encountered a problem. Where would the Forest Department find workers to cut down trees for railway sleepers and carry logs?

Colonial officials devised a solution. They decided to grant jhum cultivators tiny pieces of land in the forests to cultivate on the condition that individuals who lived in the villages supply work to the Forest Department and care for the forests. As a result, the Forest Department constructed forest settlements in numerous areas to maintain a steady supply of cheap workers.

Q2. Elaborate upon the shifting cultivation method.

Ans. A piece of land is cleared for shifting agriculture by felling and burning trees. This type of farming was done on small plots of land in forests. To allow sunlight to reach the earth, the cultivators chopped the treetops. To fertilize the land, the ashes of burned trees were mingled with it. The ax was used to cut trees, while the hoe was used to scratch the soil in preparation for cultivation. Instead of cultivating the area and spreading the seeds, they sprinkled the seeds on it. The crop was harvested when it was ready.

The land was abandoned as the soil lost its fertility, and the cultivator relocated to a new plot. 

Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

Shifting cultivation usually starts with cutting trees and a fire which clears a spot for crop production. In the ideal case, shifting cultivation is a cycle where farmers come back to the original place after a couple of years.

Q3. Give a detailed description of Birsa’s life and work?

Ans. Birsa was born in the mid-1870s to a Munda family in Chotanagpur, a tribal community. He grew up in the Bohanda forests, grazing sheep, playing the flute, and dancing at the local akharas. Birsa was an adolescent when he heard stories about previous Munda uprisings and saw village sirdars (leaders) pushing the people to revolt. Birsa was fascinated by missionary sermons because they inspired the Mundas to reclaim their lost rights. He was also entertained by a notable Vaishnav preacher. He wore the sacred thread and realized the value of cleanliness and piety. He made the decision to reform tribal society.

He exhorted the Mundas to abandon all of their evil habits, such as drinking spirits. It is worth noting that Birsa also opposed missionaries and Hindu landlords. He implored his people to return to their great past. He mentioned a golden age in the past, when Mundas had a very happy life. They did not murder their brothers and sisters. Birsa wished to see these values reappear in tribal society. The British officers became concerned when they saw Birsa Munda’s political goals. As the movement grew, the government seized him and tried him for rioting in 1895. He was also sentenced to two years in prison. Birsa began touring localities to gain support after his release in 1897.

He exhorted his followers to annihilate Dikus and the Europeans. He died of cholera in 1900, and the movement ended with him. However, it was significant in the long run.

Q4. Why was the British effort to settle jhum cultivators not very successful?

Ans. Because of the following factors, the British initiative to settle jhum cultivators was not very effective.

  • In locations where water is scarce and the land is dry, settled plough cultivation is difficult.
  • In fact, jhum cultivators who switched to plough farming frequently suffered from low yields.
  • As a result, the jhum cultivators in north-eastern India insisted on carrying on with their customary practice.
  • Faced with considerable complaints, the British were eventually forced to grant them the authority to continue shifting agriculture in some areas of the forest.

Q5. What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?

Ans. Many of the beliefs Birsa encountered while growing up had a profound impact on him. His movement sought to change tribal society. He advised the Mundas to abstain from alcohol, clean up their hamlet, and abandon their belief in witchcraft and sorcery. Birsa exhorted his followers to return to their great past. He spoke about a golden age in the past, a satyug (the age of truth), when Mundas lived well, built embankments, accessed natural springs, planted trees and orchards, and practiced agriculture to make a living. They did not murder their brothers and sisters. 

They lived truthfully. Birsa also desired that people return to their land, settle down, and farm their lands. People in the region were fed up with British forest rules and the limits that were imposed on them, thus such a vision appealed to them.

Q6. What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule? 

Ans. The shifting cultivators face a variety of problems under British rule.

The British wanted the jhum cultivators to settle down and become peasant cultivators for administrative and economic reasons. The British initiative to settle jhum cultivators was a failure. In locations where water is scarce and the land is dry, settled plough cultivation is difficult. In fact, jhum cultivators who switched to plough farming frequently suffered from low yields.

The lives of shifting cultivators were inextricably linked to the forest. As a result, changes in forest legislation had a significant impact on their life. The British asserted authority over all forests and declared them to be state property. In these forests people were not allowed to move freely, practice jhum cultivation, collect fruits, or hunt animals. Many were therefore forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood.

Q7. How did different tribal groups live? Describe in brief. 

Ans. Tribal people were involved in a wide range of activities. Jhum cultivation, also known as shifting cultivation, was done by some tribal groups. This was carried out on tiny plots of land, primarily in forests. Small portions of land were cleared by the cultivators. They then burned the plants and distributed the potash-containing ash from the fire to nourish the soil. They prepared the soil for agriculture with tools such as an ax and a hoe. The seeds were then distributed across the field. They relocated to another field once the produce was ripe and harvested. Shifting cultivators have been discovered in mountainous and forested areas of north-east and central India. Some tribal groups were characterized as “hunter-gatherers” because they hunted animals and gathered forest produce.

They considered woods as vital to their survival. The Khonds were a forest-dwelling community in Orissa. They went on communal hunts on a regular basis and shared the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots and cooked using the oil produced from the sal and mahua seeds. In exchange for their valuable forest output, they received rice and other crops. They occasionally undertook odd chores in the villages, such as hauling weights. Some tribal societies made their living by herding and rearing animals. They were pastoralists who followed the seasons with their herds of cattle or sheep.

The Vicm Gujjars of the Punjab highlands and the Labadis of Andhra Pradesh, for example, were cow herders, the Gaddis of Kulu were shepherds, and the Bakarwals of Kashmir raised goats. Some tribal communities practiced settled agriculture. Instead of traveling from place to place, they cultivated their farms in the same location year after year. They began to utilize the plough and gradually gained ownership of the area on which they lived.

Q8. Write a short note on the Santhals of Jharkhand.

Ans. The Santhals are India’s third largest tribe. They are primarily found in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, and Assam. Santhals are from the Pre-Aryan period. During the British reign in India, they were the great fighters.

They fought back against Lord Cornwallis’s 1855 Permanent Settlement Act. During the late 1850s, Santhals hero Sidhu gathered roughly 10,000 Santhals to form an alternative government to the British administration.

Santhals speak Santhali, a language of the Austro-Asian language family. The Santhals’ way of life centers around the woodlands in which they reside. They get their essential necessities from the forests’ trees and vegetation. They also grew silkworms.

Animal sacrifice to the Gods was a popular Santhal practice to placate the Gods and Goddess.

Santhals mostly celebrate the Karam festival, which occurs in September and October. The Santhals have a custom of growing the Karam tree outside their house after the cleansing process.

Q9. How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?

Ans. The functions and powers of tribal leaders changed dramatically under British control.

  • They were allowed to preserve their land titles and rent out lands across a cluster of villages, but they lost most of their administrative power and were required to follow regulations enacted by British officials in India.
  • They were also required to pay tribute to the British and discipline tribal groupings on their behalf.
  • They lost the power they once had among their people and were unable to carry out their usual tasks.

Q10. Why did the tribal people consider moneylenders and traders as evil outsiders? 

Ans. Tribal groups frequently needed to buy and sell in order to obtain products that were not produced locally. As a result, they were reliant on dealers and moneylenders. Traders came about with stuff for sale and charged exorbitant prices. Moneylenders made loans to tribals, allowing them to supplement their earnings. However, the interest rates on the loans were typically exceedingly high. As a result, for the tribals, market and commerce frequently meant debt and poverty. As a result, they learned to regard the moneylender and dealer as malevolent outsiders and the source of their sorrow.

 
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